As Baumann observes, the most successful political movements in American history typically match their political demands with a theory of who ought to wield power. For Andrew Jackson’s democracy, it was a racially circumscribed polity of white men, whether landowners or laborers, represented by a broad-based political party whose leader — Jackson — could act as the embodiment of their will. For the radical Republicans of Reconstruction, the locus of state power was an almost imperial Congress, which wrote the political and ideological settlement of the Civil War into the constitutional order. And Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal centered power in both a quasi-independent administrative state and a vastly empowered managerial presidency, which also sought to represent the will of the whole people.